Products related to Subjective:
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Subjective Concepts
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The Measurement of Subjective Probability
Beliefs come in degrees, and we often represent those degrees with numbers.We might say, for example, that we are 90% confident in the truth of some scientific hypothesis, or only 30% confident in the success of some risky endeavour.But what do these numbers mean? What, in other words, is the underlying psychological reality to which the numbers correspond? And what constitutes a meaningful difference between numerically distinct representations of belief?In this Element, we discuss the main approaches to the measurement of belief.These fall into two broad categories-epistemic and decision-theoretic-with divergent foundations in the theory of measurement.Epistemic approaches explain the measurement of belief by appeal to relations between belief states themselves, whereas decision-theoretic approaches appeal to relations between beliefs and desires in the production of choice and preferences.
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Subjective Well-Being and Social Media
Subjective Well-Being and Social Media shows how, by exploiting the unprecedented amount of information provided by the social networking sites, it is possible to build new composite indicators of subjective well-being.These new social media indicators are complementary to official statistics and surveys, whose data are collected at very low temporary and geographical resolution.The book also explains in full details how to solve the problem of selection bias coming from social media data.Mixing textual analysis, machine learning and time series analysis, the book also shows how to extract both the structural and the temporary components of subjective well-being. Cross-country analysis confirms that well-being is a complex phenomenon that is governed by macroeconomic and health factors, ageing, temporary shocks and cultural and psychological aspects.As an example, the last part of the book focuses on the impact of the prolonged stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective well-being in both Japan and Italy.Through a data science approach, the results show that a consistent and persistent drop occurred throughout 2020 in the overall level of well-being in both countries.The methodology presented in this book: enables social scientists and policy makers to know what people think about the quality of their own life, minimizing the bias induced by the interaction between the researcher and the observed individuals; being language-free, it allows for comparing the well-being perceived in different linguistic and socio-cultural contexts, disentangling differences due to objective events and life conditions from dissimilarities related to social norms or language specificities; provides a solution to the problem of selection bias in social media data through a systematic approach based on time-space small area estimation models.The book comes also with replication R scripts and data. Stefano M. Iacus is full professor of Statistics at the University of Milan, on leave at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.Former R-core member (1999-2017) and R Foundation Member.Giuseppe Porro is full professor of Economic Policy at the University of Insubria.An earlier version of this project was awarded the Italian Institute of Statistics-Google prize for "official statistics and big data".
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Subjective Realist Cinema : From Expressionism to Inception
Subjective Realist Cinema looks at the fragmented narratives and multiple realities of a wide range of films that depict subjective experience and employ “subjective realist” narration, including recent examples such as Mulholland Drive, Memento, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.The author proposes that an understanding of the narrative structures of these films, particularly their use of mixed and multiple realities, enhances viewers’ enjoyment and comprehension of such films, and that such comprehension offers a key to understanding contemporary filmmaking.
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"Isn't expensive subjective?"
Yes, the concept of expensive is subjective because it depends on an individual's perspective and financial situation. What may be expensive to one person may be affordable to another. Factors such as income, personal values, and priorities all play a role in determining what is considered expensive. Therefore, what is considered expensive can vary greatly from person to person.
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Is logic subjective?
Logic is generally considered to be objective rather than subjective. It is a system of reasoning that follows specific rules and principles to reach valid conclusions. While individuals may have different perspectives or interpretations of a logical argument, the underlying principles of logic remain consistent and independent of personal beliefs or opinions. Therefore, logic is often seen as a universal and objective tool for rational thinking.
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Is freedom subjective?
Freedom can be subjective because it can be interpreted differently by individuals based on their personal experiences, beliefs, and values. What one person considers freedom, another person may not. For example, some may see freedom as the ability to make choices without interference, while others may see it as the absence of oppression or discrimination. Therefore, the concept of freedom can vary from person to person and is influenced by subjective perspectives.
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What is the difference between subjective opinion and subjective perspective?
Subjective opinion refers to an individual's personal belief or judgment about a particular topic, which may be influenced by their emotions, experiences, or biases. On the other hand, subjective perspective refers to the unique way in which an individual perceives and interprets a situation or event based on their personal experiences, values, and beliefs. While subjective opinion is more focused on expressing one's viewpoint or preference, subjective perspective involves a broader understanding of how an individual's background shapes their interpretation of the world.
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Rethinking Consciousness : A Scientific Theory of Subjective Experience
Tracing evolution over millions of years, Michael Graziano shows how neurons first allowed animals to develop simple forms of attention: taking in messages from the environment, prioritising them and responding as necessary.Then covert attention evolved—a roving, mental focus separate from where the senses are pointed.To monitor and control covert attention, Graziano posits in his attention schema theory, the brain evolved a simplified model of it—a cartoonish self-description depicting an internal essence with a capacity for knowledge and experience.In other words, consciousness. That self model gives us our intuitions about consciousness and makes us empathetic social beings as we attribute it to others.The theory implies that uploading the data structure of consciousness into machines will be possible and he discusses what artificial consciousness will mean for our evolutionary future.
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Modern Spaces : A Subjective Atlas of 20th-Century Interiors
In Modern Forms, Nicolas Grospierre traveled the globe to sample the best modernist buildings from the 20th century.Now, he takes his camera indoors to show how modernist ideas are manifested within the walls of buildings both famous and obscure.Rather than a chronological or geographical tour, these photographs are organized in a visual flow, that allows readers to appreciate similar characteristics in interiors that would normally never be grouped together.Shot in the same distinctive and striking manner as his previous book, these images reveal the forms that define modernism.Built with forward-looking, Utopian ideals, decades later, they exist in a startling range of conditions, from dazzling to downtrodden.Through the visual flow of the book, readers can make connections between a private residence in Sri Lanka, a stair- way at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Brasilia, a cinema in Bangkok, a bus station waiting room in Odessa, and the vaults of a bank on Wall Street, New York.Responding to our desires to categorize and catalog, this photographic journey crosses spatial and cultural borders to tell the story of modern architecture.
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A Subjective Approach to International Relations : The Battle of Meaning
China’s growing power and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have thrust geopolitics back to the centre of the global stage, but the old geopolitical frameworks, with their positivist methods and their emphasis on structural determinants, will not enable us to understand the increasingly dangerous world in which we are living today. Bertrand Badie argues that states and the many other actors now operating in the international arena are products of their cultural contexts and political traditions. Their perspectives and motivations are shaped by the narratives, memories and emotions that constitute people’s everyday realities; they are therefore profoundly subjective in character and cannot be reduced to the categories of behaviour posited by traditional geopolitical frameworks like realist IR theory. In Badie’s view, international disputes in the twenty-first century are better understood through the concept of the ‘battle for meaning’, confrontations between different modes of understanding the world. His judgement is that peace and stability depend on greater sensitivity to the worldview and international perspective of other actors in the international arena.A willingness to try to see the world from the subjective perspective of one’s friends, rivals and even one’s enemies is vital. This timely and engaging book by one of the world’s leading scholars of international relations will be of great interest to students and scholars in politics and IR and to anyone concerned about the growing tensions in the world today.
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Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction : A Social Psychological Perspective
This comprehensive and updated new edition offers scholarly summaries of theory and research on the social psychological influences on subjective well-being and life satisfaction. Among the topics covered are types of relationships (e.g., romantic relationships, friendships, online relationships) and types of interactions with others (e.g., forgiveness, gratitude, helping behavior).It also examines broader social issues such as culture, socioeconomic status, religion, and well-being in the workplace.The latest edition includes new chapters on economic inequality, psychedelic social psychology, singlehood, social worth, and identity. Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction: A Social Psychological Perspective is a rich and focused resource for graduate students, upper-level undergraduate students, and researchers in positive psychology and social psychology.It should also be of interest to social neuroscientists, mental health researchers, clinical and counselling psychologists, and anyone interested in the science of well-being.
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Windows or macOS for web design/web development?
Both Windows and macOS are viable options for web design and development. Windows is known for its compatibility with a wide range of software and hardware, making it a popular choice for developers. On the other hand, macOS is preferred by many designers for its sleek interface and seamless integration with other Apple products. Ultimately, the choice between Windows and macOS comes down to personal preference and the specific tools and software you prefer to use for your web design and development projects.
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What is subjective perception?
Subjective perception refers to an individual's personal interpretation or understanding of a situation, event, or stimulus. It is influenced by a person's beliefs, experiences, emotions, and biases, leading to a unique and subjective perspective. This means that two people can perceive the same thing differently based on their subjective perceptions. Subjective perception plays a significant role in shaping how individuals make sense of the world around them.
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Why is appearance subjective?
Appearance is subjective because it is influenced by individual perceptions, preferences, and experiences. What one person finds attractive or appealing, another may not. Additionally, cultural norms and societal standards play a role in shaping how people perceive appearance. Ultimately, subjective factors such as personal taste and biases contribute to the variability in how individuals interpret and judge the appearance of people, objects, or environments.
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What are subjective needs?
Subjective needs refer to the individual desires, preferences, and feelings that a person has in relation to their well-being and satisfaction. These needs are based on personal experiences, values, and beliefs, and can vary greatly from person to person. Subjective needs are often related to emotional, psychological, and social aspects of life, and can include things like a sense of belonging, self-esteem, and fulfillment. Meeting subjective needs is important for overall happiness and well-being.
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